357 lines
8.4 KiB
Markdown
357 lines
8.4 KiB
Markdown
# COS 预签名 URL 直传指南(推荐方式)
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## 🎯 为什么使用预签名 URL?
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相比 POST 表单上传,预签名 URL 直传更简单:
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- ✅ **无需复杂的表单字段** - 只需要一个 URL
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- ✅ **前端代码更简洁** - 直接 PUT 文件即可
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- ✅ **自动处理 CORS** - 预签名 URL 包含签名,不受 CORS 限制
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- ✅ **更安全** - URL 有过期时间,临时授权
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---
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## 📋 完整的前端上传代码
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### Vue 3 + Element Plus 示例
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```vue
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<template>
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<el-upload
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:action="uploadUrl"
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:before-upload="beforeUpload"
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:http-request="customUpload"
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:show-file-list="false"
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accept="image/*"
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>
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<el-button type="primary">选择图片</el-button>
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</el-upload>
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</template>
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<script setup>
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import { ref } from 'vue';
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import { ElMessage } from 'element-plus';
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const uploadUrl = ref('');
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const fileUrl = ref('');
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// 上传前获取预签名 URL
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const beforeUpload = async (file) => {
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try {
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// 1. 获取预签名 URL
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const response = await fetch('/user/oss/presigned-url', {
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method: 'POST',
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headers: {
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'Content-Type': 'application/json',
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'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + localStorage.getItem('token')
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},
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body: JSON.stringify({
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fileName: file.name,
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userId: '123' // 从登录状态获取
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})
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});
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const result = await response.json();
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if (result.code === 200) {
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uploadUrl.value = result.data.uploadUrl;
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fileUrl.value = result.data.fileUrl;
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return true;
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} else {
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ElMessage.error(result.message);
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return false;
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}
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} catch (error) {
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console.error('获取预签名URL失败:', error);
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ElMessage.error('获取上传地址失败');
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return false;
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}
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};
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// 自定义上传方法
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const customUpload = async ({ file }) => {
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try {
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// 2. 直接 PUT 文件到预签名 URL
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const response = await fetch(uploadUrl.value, {
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method: 'PUT',
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body: file,
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headers: {
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'Content-Type': file.type
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}
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});
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if (response.ok) {
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ElMessage.success('上传成功');
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console.log('文件访问地址:', fileUrl.value);
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// 3. 使用 fileUrl.value 更新头像等
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return { url: fileUrl.value };
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} else {
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throw new Error('上传失败');
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}
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} catch (error) {
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console.error('上传失败:', error);
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ElMessage.error('上传失败');
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throw error;
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}
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};
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</script>
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```
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---
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### 原生 JavaScript 示例
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```javascript
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async function uploadFile(file, userId) {
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try {
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// 1. 获取预签名 URL
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const signResponse = await fetch('/user/oss/presigned-url', {
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method: 'POST',
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headers: {
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'Content-Type': 'application/json',
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'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + localStorage.getItem('token')
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},
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body: JSON.stringify({
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fileName: file.name,
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userId: userId
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})
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});
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const signResult = await signResponse.json();
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if (signResult.code !== 200) {
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throw new Error(signResult.message);
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}
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const { uploadUrl, fileUrl } = signResult.data;
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// 2. 直接 PUT 文件到预签名 URL
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const uploadResponse = await fetch(uploadUrl, {
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method: 'PUT',
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body: file,
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headers: {
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'Content-Type': file.type
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}
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});
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if (!uploadResponse.ok) {
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throw new Error('上传失败');
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}
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// 3. 上传成功,返回文件访问地址
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console.log('上传成功,文件地址:', fileUrl);
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return fileUrl;
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} catch (error) {
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console.error('上传失败:', error);
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throw error;
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}
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}
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// 使用示例
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document.getElementById('fileInput').addEventListener('change', async (e) => {
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const file = e.target.files[0];
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if (file) {
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try {
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const fileUrl = await uploadFile(file, '123');
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alert('上传成功: ' + fileUrl);
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} catch (error) {
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alert('上传失败: ' + error.message);
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}
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}
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});
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```
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---
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### React 示例
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```jsx
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import { useState } from 'react';
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import { message } from 'antd';
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function FileUpload() {
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const [uploading, setUploading] = useState(false);
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const handleUpload = async (file) => {
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setUploading(true);
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try {
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// 1. 获取预签名 URL
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const signResponse = await fetch('/user/oss/presigned-url', {
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method: 'POST',
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headers: {
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'Content-Type': 'application/json',
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'Authorization': `Bearer ${localStorage.getItem('token')}`
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},
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body: JSON.stringify({
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fileName: file.name,
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userId: '123'
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})
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});
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const signResult = await signResponse.json();
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if (signResult.code !== 200) {
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throw new Error(signResult.message);
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}
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const { uploadUrl, fileUrl } = signResult.data;
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// 2. PUT 文件到预签名 URL
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const uploadResponse = await fetch(uploadUrl, {
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method: 'PUT',
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body: file,
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headers: {
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'Content-Type': file.type
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}
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});
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if (!uploadResponse.ok) {
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throw new Error('上传失败');
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}
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message.success('上传成功');
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console.log('文件地址:', fileUrl);
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return fileUrl;
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} catch (error) {
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console.error('上传失败:', error);
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message.error('上传失败: ' + error.message);
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} finally {
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setUploading(false);
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}
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};
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return (
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<input
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type="file"
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accept="image/*"
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onChange={(e) => handleUpload(e.target.files[0])}
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disabled={uploading}
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/>
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);
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}
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```
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---
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## 📡 API 接口说明
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### 接口地址
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```
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POST /user/oss/presigned-url
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GET /user/oss/presigned-url
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```
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### 请求参数(POST 方式)
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```json
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{
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"fileName": "avatar.jpg",
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"userId": "123"
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}
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```
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### 响应数据
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```json
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{
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"code": 200,
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"message": "预签名URL生成成功",
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"data": {
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"uploadUrl": "https://oss-1818ai-user-img-1302947942.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/user_img/xxx.jpg?sign=...",
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"fileUrl": "https://oss-1818ai-user-img-1302947942.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/user_img/xxx.jpg",
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"fileName": "avatar.jpg",
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"expiresIn": 3600
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}
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}
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```
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### 字段说明
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| 字段 | 说明 |
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|------|------|
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| `uploadUrl` | 预签名上传 URL(包含签名,有效期1小时) |
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| `fileUrl` | 文件访问地址(永久有效) |
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| `fileName` | 文件名 |
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| `expiresIn` | 签名有效期(秒) |
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---
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## 🔧 上传流程
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```
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┌─────────┐ 1. 请求预签名URL ┌─────────┐
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│ │ ────────────────────────> │ │
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│ 前端 │ │ 后端 │
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│ │ <──────────────────────── │ │
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└─────────┘ 2. 返回预签名URL └─────────┘
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│
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│ 3. PUT 文件到预签名URL
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↓
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┌─────────┐
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│ COS │
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│ 存储桶 │
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└─────────┘
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```
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---
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## ✅ 优势对比
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| 特性 | 预签名 URL 直传 | POST 表单上传 |
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|------|----------------|--------------|
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| **前端代码** | ✅ 简单(一个 PUT 请求) | ❌ 复杂(多个表单字段) |
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| **CORS 配置** | ✅ 不需要(签名在 URL 中) | ❌ 需要配置 |
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| **字段匹配** | ✅ 无需关心字段名 | ❌ 必须匹配 COS 字段名 |
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| **错误排查** | ✅ 简单 | ❌ 复杂(403 签名错误) |
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| **安全性** | ✅ URL 有过期时间 | ✅ Policy 有过期时间 |
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---
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## ⚠️ 注意事项
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1. **预签名 URL 有效期**
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- 默认 1 小时(3600 秒)
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- 过期后需要重新获取
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2. **Content-Type**
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- PUT 请求时建议设置正确的 Content-Type
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- 例如:`image/jpeg`, `image/png`
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3. **文件大小限制**
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- 默认最大 100MB
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- 可在后端配置中调整
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4. **文件命名**
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- 后端会自动生成唯一文件名(UUID)
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- 避免文件名冲突
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---
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## 🧪 测试命令
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```bash
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# 1. 获取预签名 URL
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curl -X POST http://localhost:8083/user/oss/presigned-url \
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
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-H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_TOKEN" \
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-d '{"fileName":"test.jpg","userId":"123"}'
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# 2. 使用预签名 URL 上传文件
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curl -X PUT "<返回的uploadUrl>" \
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-H "Content-Type: image/jpeg" \
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--data-binary "@/path/to/test.jpg"
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# 3. 访问文件
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curl "<返回的fileUrl>"
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```
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---
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## 🎉 总结
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使用预签名 URL 直传是最简单、最可靠的方式:
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- ✅ 前端只需两步:获取 URL → PUT 文件
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- ✅ 无需配置 CORS
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- ✅ 无需关心复杂的表单字段
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- ✅ 错误排查简单
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**强烈推荐使用这种方式!**
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